岩浆-热液系统中铁的富集机制探讨   总被引：25，自引：17，他引：8  

张招崇  侯通  李厚民  李建威  张作衡  宋谢炎 《岩石学报》2014,30(5):1189-1204

与岩浆-热液系统有关的铁矿类型有岩浆型钒钛磁铁矿床、玢岩铁矿、矽卡岩型铁矿和海相火山岩型铁矿,与这些铁矿有关的岩浆岩从基性-超基性、中性到中酸性岩均有,其中岩浆型钒钛磁铁矿床与基性-超基性深成侵入岩有关,形成于岩浆阶段,主要与分离结晶作用有关,但是厚大的富铁矿石的形成则可归结于原始的富铁钛苦橄质岩浆、分离结晶作用、多期次的岩浆补充以及流动分异等联合过程。钒钛磁铁矿石产于岩体下部还是上部与母岩浆的氧逸度有关:高的氧逸度导致磁铁矿早期结晶而使得其堆积于岩体的下部,相反,低氧逸度则导致低品位的浸染状矿石产于岩体的上部。虽然野外一些证据表明,元古宙斜长岩中的磷铁矿石可能是不混溶作用形成的,但是目前尚无实验证据。某些玢岩铁矿的一些磷灰石-磁铁矿石可能与闪长质岩浆同化混染了地壳中的磷导致的不混溶作用有关。除此之外,其他各类与岩浆作用有关的铁矿床均与岩浆后期的岩浆-热液作用有关。这些不同类型铁矿床的蚀变和矿化过程具有相似性,反映了它们形成过程具有相似的物理化学条件。成矿实验以及流体包裹体研究表明,岩浆-流体转换过程中出溶流体的数量以及成分受多种因素控制,其中岩浆分离结晶作用以及碳酸盐地层和膏盐层的混染可导致出溶的流体中Cl浓度的升高。早期高氧逸度环境可以使得硫以SO42-形式存在,抑制硫与铁的结合形成黄铁矿,有利于铁在早期以Cl的络合物发生迁移。大型富铁矿的形成需要一个长期稳定的流体对流循环系统,而岩浆的多期侵位或岩浆房以及在相对封闭的环境中(需要一个不透水层)一个有利于流体循环的断裂/裂隙系统是形成一个长期稳定的流体对流循环系统的必要条件。但是由于不同地质环境,流体中铁的卸载方式和位置会有明显差别,由此导致不同的矿石结构构造和不同的矿体产状。  相似文献   

胶东焦家金矿床热液蚀变作用   总被引：12，自引：7，他引：5  

张炳林  杨立强  黄锁英  刘跃  刘文龙  赵荣新  徐咏彬  刘胜光 《岩石学报》2014,30(9):2533-2545

胶东作为中国最重要的金矿集区,区内大型-超大型金矿床集中产出,已探明金矿资源量占全国近1/3。其中,破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床是最重要的金矿床类型,占胶东已探明金矿资源量的90%以上,焦家金矿床是著名的"焦家式"破碎带蚀变岩型金矿的命名地,内发育大规模的绢英岩化蚀变带(宽20~200m)和钾化蚀变带(50~300m),蚀变岩型金矿体主要发育在焦家断裂带下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带中。本文通过详细的野外地质观测,查清了焦家金矿床蚀变类型及矿物组合特征,系统采集了不同蚀变类型的岩石样品,进行了岩石元素地球化学分析,运用质量平衡方法讨论了热液蚀变过程中元素迁移规律,初步探讨了焦家金矿床热液蚀变机理。其中,钾化蚀变是成矿前蚀变,钾化花岗岩常以团块状或角砾状残留于黄铁绢英岩和绢英岩内;黄铁绢英岩化和绢英岩化蚀变受焦家断裂及其下盘的次级断裂控制,其规模大小受断裂的规模控制;其中焦家主断裂下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带规模最大,一般宽10~200m;而次级断裂控制的绢英岩化蚀变带规模相对较小,一般以0.1~1m宽的脉状发育在钾化花岗岩内,指示绢英岩化蚀变晚于钾化蚀变。相对于黑云母花岗岩,不同蚀变带岩石普遍表现出高K2O、低Al2O3、CaO和Na2O,而不同蚀变岩石Si、Fe、Mg等元素各表现出不同特征。钾化带岩石表现为K2O的富集,而绢英岩带和黄铁绢英岩带岩石表现为MgO、Fe2O3增加的趋势。黑云母花岗岩发生钾化蚀变过程中,SiO2、K2O表现为明显的带入,指示在钾长石化过程中,流体为富硅的碱性氧化流体。在钾化花岗岩→黄铁绢英岩过程中,Fe2O3表现为明显的带入,可能是由于黑云母等暗色矿物的分解造成的;此外,亲硫元素(Au、Ag、As、Pb、Zn)均表现为带入,特别是成矿元素Au表现为明显的带入。结合本区金的来源可能部分为玲珑黑云母花岗岩,本研究认为钾化过程中的富硅碱性氧化流体通过交代蚀变反应使金从围岩中释放、成为高价态离子活化进入成矿流体,即分散还原态的金(Au0)被活化为氧化态(Au+、Au3+)以AuH3SiO4形式随热液迁移。在绢英岩化过程中,热液中的SiO2等组分损失,引起热液中的AuH3SiO4稳定性降低,造成AuH3SiO4分解,Fe2+、Fe3+被消耗形成黄铁矿,导致金大量沉淀和聚集沉淀,此时完成了金由活化→迁移→沉淀富集成矿。  相似文献   

Distribution of 238U, 232Th and 40K in plutonic rocks of Greece     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2014,74(4):749-764

One hundred and twenty one samples from every major plutonic body (mainly granitic) of Greece have been analyzed by γ-ray spectrometry to determine the specific activities of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K (Bq/kg). The range of the activity concentrations of these radionuclides was 2.3–266.4, 1.8–375.5 and 55.0–1632.0 Bq/kg and their average values were 79.2, 85.3 and 881.4 Bq/kg respectively. Any possible connection between the specific activities of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K and some characteristics of the studied samples (age, rock-type, colour, grain-size, occurrence and chemical composition) is investigated. Samples of particular colour, rock-type, occurrence and chemical composition have been identified for their distinctive levels of natural radioactivity, while age and grain-size do not affect the concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K. The range of the Th/U ratio was 0.7–12.69. This great variation in the Th/U ratios, especially when it is found among the samples of the same pluton, is also discussed and explained by alteration and tectonic–metamorphic processes.  相似文献   

Hydrothermal Dolomite in the Upper Sinian (Upper Proterozoic) Dengying Formation,East Sichuan Basin,China     

LIU Shugen  HUANG Wenming  JANSA Luba F.  WANG Guozhi  SONG Guangyong  ZHANG Changjun  SUN Wei  MA Wenxin 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(5):1466-1487

Hydrothermal Dolomite （HTD） is present in the Upper Sinian （Upper Proterozoic） Dengying Formation, east Sichuan Basin, China. The strata are comprised by primary dolomite. The HTD has various textures, including zebra dolomite, subhorizontal sheet-like cavities filled by saddle dolomite and breccias cemented by saddle dolomites as well occur as a fill of veins and fractures. Also co-occur MVT type lead-zinc ores in the study area. The δ13C and δ18O isotopes of HTD in the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation are lighter than those of the host rocks, while STSr/86Sr is higher. The apparent difference in carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes, especially the large difference in S7Sr/S6Sr isotopes ratio indicate crystallization from hot basinal and/or hydrothermal fluids. Saddle dolomite was precipitated at temperatures of 270-320℃. The diagenetic parasequences of mineral assemblage deposited in the Dengying Formation are： （1） dolomite host rock →sphalerite-galena-barite-fluorite; （2） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite →quartz; （3） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite→bitumen; （4） dolomite host rock →saddle dolomite →barite. The mean chemical composition of the host dolomite matrix and HTD didn＇t change much during hydrothermal process. The fluids forming the HTDs in the Dengying Formation were mixtures of freshwater from the unconformity at the top of Sinian, fluids from diagenetic compaction and hydrocarbon generation ＆ expulsion from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation mudstones or the Doushantuo Formation silty mudstones, and hydrothermal fluids from the basement. The hydrocarbon reservoirs associated with the HTD were mostly controlled by the basement faults and fractures and karsting processes at the unconformity separating Sinian and Cambrian strata. The hydrocarbon storage spaces of HTD included dissolved cavities and intercrystalline pores. Dissolution cavities are extensive at the top of Dengying Formation, up to about 46m below the unconformity between Sinian an  相似文献   

Mineralization of the Liwu large-scale stratiform copper deposits in Sichuan Province,China: Constraints from fluid inclusions     

《China Geology》2023,6(2):252-268

The Liwu stratiform copper deposit is located in the northwestern Jianglang dome, western China. Current studies mainly focus on the genetic type and mineralization of this deposit. Detailed fluid inclusion characteristics of metallogenic period quartz veins were studied to reveal the ore-forming fluid features. Laser Raman analysis indicates that the ore-forming fluids is a H₂O-NaCl-CH₄ (-CO₂) system. Fluid inclusions microthermometry shows a homogenization temperature of 181–375°C and a salinity of 5.26%–16.99% for the disseminated-banded Cu-Zn mineralization; but a homogenization temperature of 142–343°C and a salinity of 5.41%–21.19% for the massive-veined Cu-Zn mineralization. These features suggest a medium-high temperature and a medium salinity for the ore-forming fluids. H-O isotopic data indicates that the ore-forming fluids were mainly from the metamorphic and magmatic water, plus minor formation water. And sulfur isotopic data indicates that sulfur was mainly derived from the formation and magmatic rocks. Metallogenesis of the disseminated-banded mineralization was mainly correlated with fluid mixing and water-rock reaction; whereas that of the massive-veined mineralization was mainly correlated with fluid boiling. The genetic type of the deposit is a medium-high temperature hydrothermal deposit related to magmatism and controlled by shear zones. This study is beneficial to understand the stratiform copper deposit.©2023 China Geology Editorial Office.  相似文献   

Paleo-oil reservoir pyrolysis and gas release in the Yangtze Block imply an alternative mechanism for the Late Permian Crisis     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(2):101324

The causes of the global mass extinction that occurred around the Permian–Triassic boundary have been widely studied through the geological record and in various locations. The results show that volcanic activity was a key factor in initiating the crisis during the Late Permian. Compared to other thermal events triggered by volcanic activity, pyrolysis of petroleum in Pre-Permian reservoirs has rarely been suggested as a significant source of the greenhouse gases that caused the mass extinction. In this study, geochemical analysis is carried out of a huge paleo-oil reservoir in the Yangtze Block (YB), South China. The detection of mineral inclusions and pyrobitumens is evidence of rapid pyrolysis of accumulated oil in the Ediacaran reservoir. New evidence from hydrothermal minerals and the presence of domain mesophase in the pyrobitumen suggest that the pyrolysis process occurred abruptly and that greenhouse gases were rapidly released through venting pipes. The dating of such a complex geological event in this old and deeply buried reservoir is inevitably difficult and potentially unreliable. However, cross-validation of the multiple evidence sources, including hydrothermal minerals and domain mesophase, indicates that the rapid oil pyrolysis must have been driven by a major thermal event. Reconstruction of burial and thermal histories suggests that the thermal event was most likely to have been triggered by the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), which was in a period of significant volcanic activity during the Late Permian. Massive volumes of gases, including methane, carbon dioxide, and possibly hydrogen sulfide, were released, causing a significant increase in greenhouse gases that may have contributed to global warming and the resulting mass extinction during the Late Permian Crisis (LPC).  相似文献   

造山型金矿中富CO_(2)高内压流体包裹体完全均一温度的有效测定实验研究——以东天山玉峰金矿床为例SCIEI北大核心CSCD     

于立栋  李胜虎  张静  何西恒  于学峰  单伟  迟乃杰 《岩石学报》2022,38(1):267-280

形成于中-深成条件下的造山型金矿的成矿流体属于H_(2)O-NaCl-CO_(2)体系,金矿化阶段的石英中发育大量的富CO_(2)流体包裹体。长期以来,用常规冷热台对其进行显微测温热力学研究时,较高的内压力会造成绝大多数CO_(2)充填度>0.4的包裹体在尚未达到完全均一状态前就发生爆裂或泄露,导致所测的完全均一温度值明显偏离真实值,甚至无法测得完全均一温度,这制约了对造山型金矿床成矿条件的认知。针对该问题,本文以东天山玉峰金矿床富金矿石中的H_(2)O-NaCl包裹体(A型)和H_(2)O-NaCl-CO_(2)包裹体(AC型)为研究对象,介绍了利用最新型热液金刚石压腔(HDAC-VT型号)测试富CO_(2)高内压的AC型包裹体完全均一温度的实验流程与结果,并将实验数据与Linkam THMSG600冷热台测得的A型、AC型包裹体的完全均一温度进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,热液金刚石压腔能够有效阻止富CO_(2)流体包裹体在升温过程中发生爆裂、泄露等非弹性体积改变现象的发生,从而获得有效的完全均一温度。同时,本文还提出了一个新的压力-温度拟合线两线相交法,对热液金刚石压腔所测富CO_(2)流体包裹体的完全均一温度数据进行校正,以最大程度上减少外压力造成的影响,获得更为接近真实成矿流体的完全均一温度。基于此,获得玉峰金矿床的成矿温度和成矿压力分别为312~343℃和181~268 MPa。本文的实验研究工作显示了热液金刚石压腔在中-深成造山型金矿富CO_(2)成矿流体的研究领域具有重要应用前景。  相似文献   

滇西兰坪盆地茅草坪脉状Cu矿床流体包裹体和稳定同位素地球化学研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

程杨  宋玉财  侯增谦  薛传东  黄世强  韩朝辉  庄亮亮 《岩石学报》2015,31(11):3363-3379

兰坪盆地西缘发育一条重要的脉状Cu矿带,矿床的成矿流体来源一直存在较大的争议。本次研究对该矿带南段新发现的茅草坪矿床进行流体包裹体和H-O-C-S同位素研究,结合前人发表的该矿带矿床的同位素数据,探讨矿床成矿流体特征和来源。茅草坪矿床早(A1脉)、晚(A2脉)两期含矿石英脉中的流体包裹体均为含CO2盐水包裹体,可细分为含石盐子晶、富液相(水溶液相)、富气相(CO2相)包裹体等不同类型。根据流体包裹体的共生特点,将其划分为3组包裹体组合:(1)第I组,出现在A1脉石英中,为富液相(I-W型)、富气相(I-C型)和含石盐子晶(I-S型)包裹体共生;(2)第Ⅱ组,同样出现在A1脉石英中,为富液相(Ⅱ-W型)和富气相(Ⅱ-C型)包裹体共生;(3)第Ⅲ组,出现在A2脉石英中,为富液相(Ⅲ-W型)和富气相(Ⅲ-C型)包裹体共生。测温结果显示:I-S型包裹体均一温度在293~370℃之间,流体盐度为30.06%~39.76%Na Cleqv;Ⅱ-W型包裹体均一温度在302~490℃之间,流体盐度为1.23%~18.63%Na Cleqv;Ⅲ-W型包裹体均一温度在263~400℃之间,流体盐度为1.20%~11.34%Na Cleqv。同一组内,包裹体气/液相比高度变化,表明包裹体捕获时的流体呈不均一态,此时包裹体均一温度中低值部分近似代表该组包裹体真实的捕获温度。因此,从I组到Ⅲ组,包裹体分别捕获于280~320℃(I组、Ⅱ组)和260~280℃(Ⅲ组),结合盐度数据,反应初始成矿流体发生沸腾作用,伴随石盐子晶析出,流体盐度下降,随后温度降低。茅草坪矿床成矿流体富CO2的特点与区域内其他脉状Cu矿床一致,但盐度明显偏高。矿床热液石英的δDV-SMOW值变化在-94.6‰~-56.2‰之间,计算的流体的δ18OV-SMOW值集中在+8.1‰~+9.6‰之间,与区域其他脉状Cu矿床相似,数据主要落在原生岩浆水区域的下方,表明流体来源于岩浆水,但经历了开放系统下的脱气作用,没有盆地流体或大气降水的贡献;热液碳酸盐方解石的δ13CV-PDF值为-8.3‰~-2.4‰,δ18OV-SMOW值为14.46‰~16.63‰,与区域其他脉状Cu矿床的C-O同位素组成相似,但C同位素组成明显低于区域脉状Pb-Zn矿床(碳主要来自盆地流体溶解的碳酸盐岩);黄铜矿的δ34SV-CDT值变化于-6.4‰~-3.9‰之间,处于区域其他脉状Cu矿床的S同位素组成范围内,但区别于区域砂岩型Cu矿床(硫来自硫酸盐的细菌还原作用)。因此,推测矿床的CO2和硫可能也来自脱气的岩浆。茅草坪脉状Cu矿床成矿流体的研究表明:兰坪盆地西缘脉状Cu矿床成矿流体可能来自富CO2、经历脱气的岩浆水,没有大气降水和盆地卤水的参与。  相似文献   

西秦岭阳山金矿带安坝矿床热液蚀变作用   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2  

张志超  李楠  戢兴忠  韩忠  郭耀宇  李在春 《岩石学报》2015,31(11):3405-3419

安坝金矿床是阳山金矿带内已探明金资源储量最大的金矿床,矿体受NEE向的区域性安昌河-观音坝断裂带及其次级断裂-裂隙系统控制,主要赋存于紧邻断裂带的千枚岩和斜长花岗斑岩中。围绕断裂-裂隙系统的赋矿围岩硫化、硅化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化和粘土化蚀变发育,其中前三种蚀变与金成矿作用关系最为密切。论文在厘定安坝金矿床热液蚀变类型、矿物组合特征、以及断裂变形与蚀变空间变化关系的基础上,通过对蚀变岩及其原岩的地球化学分析,剖析了热液蚀变作用过程与机理。研究结果表明,硅化蚀变贯穿发育于成矿前、成矿期和成矿后,绢云母化蚀变为成矿前和成矿期的产物,碳酸盐化蚀变主要发育于成矿晚阶段和成矿后,而粘土化蚀变为成矿后的产物。在长石蚀变为绢云母的过程中,有少量Al2O3带出,而TiO 2在蚀变过程中相对稳定,为此选取TiO 2作为不活动组分,开展质量平衡计算得出:在硅化过程中,明显带入的组分有SiO 2、Fe2O3、FeO、MgO、CaO、C、S、Au、As、Hg、Pb和Zn,而被带出的元素为Rb和Ba;在绢云母化过程中,明显带入的组分为SiO 2、Fe2O3、CaO、C、S、Au、As、Hg、Pb、Zn、Rb和Ba,带出组分为Na2O。稀土元素地球化学特征显示千枚岩原岩稀土元素含量比硅化和绢云母化千枚岩的稀土元素含量高,表明在蚀变过程中有稀土元素的流失。此外,千枚岩原岩的δEu=0.70,δCe=0.95;硅化千枚岩的δEu=0.72,δCe=1.00;绢云母化千枚岩的δEu=0.76,δCe=0.95。硅化、绢云母化千枚岩与千枚岩原岩的REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式曲线变化趋势相似,表现为明显的Eu负异常、无Ce异常的富轻稀土的右倾型曲线。含矿流体沿断裂带运移并与围岩反应,形成了石英和绢云母等蚀变矿物。硅化过程中,含矿流体中还原硫活度降低导致金沉淀;而绢云母化过程中,含矿流体的pH增大及K+和H+含量的减少和CO2含量的增加,致使载金黄铁矿、毒砂和金的沉淀。  相似文献   

Characterization of Galena and Vein Paragenesis in the Penjom Gold Mine, Malaysia: Trace Elements, Lead Isotope Study and Relationship to Gold Mineralization Episodes     

Zakaria ENDUT  NG Tham Fatt  Jasmi Hafiz ABDUL AZIZ  Sebastien MEFFRE  Charles MAKOUNDI 《《地质学报》英文版》2015,89(6):1914-1925

The Penjom Gold Mine is located 30 km from the Bentong-Raub Suture at the western boundary of the Central Belt in Peninsular Malaysia. Gold mineralization hosted within the vein system is associated with pyrite, arsenopyrite, and minor base metals including galena. Trace element and lead isotope analysis was undertaken on nine samples that represent two stages of galena formed during two tectonic events. Both the Pb isotopes and the trace elements show that the first stage galena within the mineralized areas at the footwall has different geochemical characteristics compared with galena in non mineralized areas in the hanging wall, suggesting that galena crystallized from two different ore fluids and probably at two different times. Higher Te, Se and Bi in the galena from the mineralized area may indicate hydrothermal fluids that migrate through the structural conduit and leached out the metal along the pathway that consist of dominant carbonaceous unit. The Pb isotopic ratio composition are transitional between the bulk crustal growth and an upper crustal growth curve, indicating that derivation was from arc rocks associated with continental crust or a crustal source that includes arc volcanic and old continental sedimentary rocks.  相似文献